pascals (Pa) to centimeters of mercury (cmHg) conversion

What is pascals?

Pascal (Pa) is the SI unit of pressure, defined as the force of one newton acting on an area of one square meter. This section will delve into the definition, formation, historical context, and practical applications of Pascal.

Pascal Definition

The pascal (Pa) is the SI derived unit of pressure used to quantify internal pressure, stress, Young's modulus, and ultimate tensile strength. It is defined as one newton per square meter.

$$1 \ Pa = 1 \frac{N}{m^2}$$

It can also be described using SI base units:

$$1 \ Pa = 1 \frac{kg}{m \cdot s^2}$$

Formation of Pascal

Pascal as a unit is derived from the fundamental units of mass (kilogram), length (meter), and time (second). Pressure, in general, is defined as force per unit area.

• Force: Measured in Newtons (N), which itself is defined as $kg \cdot m/s^2$ (from Newton's second law, $F=ma$).
• Area: Measured in square meters ($m^2$).

Thus, Pascal combines these: $N/m^2$ which translates to $(kg \cdot m/s^2) / m^2 = kg/(m \cdot s^2)$.

Blaise Pascal and Pascal's Law

The unit is named after Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, writer, and Catholic theologian. He made significant contributions to the fields of mathematics, physics, and early computing.

Pascal's Law (or Pascal's Principle) states that a pressure change occurring anywhere in a confined incompressible fluid is transmitted throughout the fluid such that the same change occurs everywhere.

Mathematically, this is often represented as:

$\Delta P = \rho g \Delta h$

Where:

• $\Delta P$ is the hydrostatic pressure difference
• $\rho$ is the fluid density
• $g$ is the acceleration due to gravity
• $\Delta h$ is the height difference of the fluid

For further reading about Pascal's Law, you can refer to Pascal's Law and Hydraulics.

Real-World Examples

Here are some examples of pressure measured in Pascals or related units (like kilopascals, kPa):

• Atmospheric Pressure: Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is approximately 101,325 Pa, or 101.325 kPa.
• Tire Pressure: Car tire pressure is often measured in PSI (pounds per square inch), but can be converted to Pascals. For example, 35 PSI is roughly 241 kPa.
• Hydraulic Systems: The pressure in hydraulic systems, like those used in car brakes or heavy machinery, can be several megapascals (MPa).
• Water Pressure: The water pressure at the bottom of a 1-meter deep pool is approximately 9.8 kPa (ignoring atmospheric pressure). The Hydrostatic pressure can be determined with formula $\Delta P = \rho g \Delta h$. Given that the density of water is approximately 1000 $kg/m^3$ and the acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 $m/s^2$
• Weather Forecasts: Atmospheric pressure changes are often reported in hectopascals (hPa), where 1 hPa = 100 Pa.

What is the centimeter of mercury?

The centimeter of mercury (cmHg) is a unit of pressure equal to the pressure exerted by a one-centimeter-high column of mercury under standard conditions. It is a scaled-up form of the millimeter of mercury (torr) used in some scientific and industrial settings.

Definition

The conventional centimeter of mercury is based on a 1 cm column of mercury with a density of 13,595.1 kg/m³ under standard gravity (9.80665 m/s²):

$$1\ \text{cmHg} = 1333.22\ \text{Pa}$$

Exactly, 1 cmHg = 1333.22387415 Pa, which is ten times the millimeter of mercury (1 mmHg ≈ 133.322 Pa). This equals 10 torr under the conventional definition.

Origin and History

The unit descends directly from Torricelli's mercury barometer of 1643, where atmospheric pressure was read as the height of a mercury column. Mercury's high density makes the column compact and easy to read. The conventional value fixes mercury's density (its value at 0 °C) and standard gravity so the unit is independent of temperature and location.

Law and Notable Facts

The centimeter of mercury is not an SI unit; the SI unit of pressure is the pascal. It relates to the standard atmosphere as 1 atm = 76 cmHg exactly (by the historical 760 mmHg definition). The millimeter of mercury (mmHg), essentially identical to the torr, remains standard in medicine for blood pressure.

Real-World Examples and Conversions

• 1 cmHg = 10 mmHg (10 torr) ≈ 1.33322 kPa.
• One standard atmosphere equals exactly 76 cmHg.
• A blood pressure of 120/80 mmHg corresponds to 12/8 cmHg.
• A vacuum of 5 cmHg absolute is about 6.7 kPa, roughly 93% below atmospheric pressure.