standard atmospheres (atm) to millimeters of mercury (mmHg) conversion

What is the standard atmosphere?

The standard atmosphere (atm) is a unit of pressure defined as a fixed reference value close to the average atmospheric pressure at sea level. It is widely used in chemistry, physics, engineering, and diving to express pressures relative to typical sea-level conditions.

Definition

The standard atmosphere is defined exactly as 101,325 pascals:

$$1\ \text{atm} = 101325\ \text{Pa}$$

This is equivalent to 1013.25 hectopascals (millibars), 760 millimeters of mercury (torr), and about 14.6959 pounds per square inch. The value was fixed by the 10th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) in 1954.

Origin and History

Early pressure measurement grew from Evangelista Torricelli's 1643 barometer experiments, which showed the atmosphere supports a mercury column about 760 mm high. The "atmosphere" became a convenient reference for a whole unit of ambient pressure. In 1954 the CGPM adopted the exact value 101,325 Pa, based on a 760 mm mercury column at 0 °C under standard gravity, to remove the temperature and location dependence of earlier definitions.

Law and Notable Facts

The standard atmosphere is accepted for use with the SI but is not an SI unit; the SI unit of pressure is the pascal. IUPAC now recommends the bar (100,000 Pa) rather than the atmosphere as the standard pressure for reporting thermodynamic data, though "atm" remains common. Note that the technical atmosphere (at) is a different unit equal to 98,066.5 Pa.

Real-World Examples and Conversions

• Average sea-level air pressure is very close to 1 atm (101.325 kPa).
• Ocean pressure increases by roughly 1 atm for every 10 meters of seawater depth, so a diver at 30 m experiences about 4 atm total.
• A typical car tire inflated to 32 psi holds about 2.2 atm of gauge pressure.
• The pressure inside a champagne bottle is roughly 6 atm (about 608 kPa).

What is millimeters of mercury?

Millimeters of mercury (mmHg) is a unit of pressure, often used in medicine (especially blood pressure) and meteorology. It represents the pressure exerted by a column of mercury one millimeter high at a standard temperature. Let's delve into its definition, history, and applications.

Definition and Formation

Millimeters of mercury (mmHg) is a manometric unit of pressure. Specifically, it's the pressure exerted at the base of a column of mercury exactly 1 millimeter high when the density of mercury is 13,595.1 kg/m³ and the local acceleration of gravity is exactly 9.80665 m/s². It's not an SI unit, but it is accepted for use with the SI.

While not an official SI unit (Pascal is the SI unit for pressure), mmHg remains widely used due to its historical significance and practical applications, especially in fields like medicine.

History and Torricelli's Experiment

The unit originates from Evangelista Torricelli's experiments in the 17th century. Torricelli, an Italian physicist and mathematician, invented the mercury barometer in 1643. He filled a glass tube with mercury and inverted it into a dish of mercury. The mercury column would fall, leaving a vacuum at the top, and the height of the column was proportional to the atmospheric pressure. This led to the standardized measurement of pressure using the height of a mercury column. Read more about it in Britannica.

Relation to Other Units

• Pascal (Pa): The SI unit of pressure. 1 mmHg is approximately equal to 133.322 Pascals.

  $$1 \, mmHg \approx 133.322 \, Pa$$

• Atmosphere (atm): A standard unit of pressure. 1 atm is equal to 760 mmHg.

  $$1 \, atm = 760 \, mmHg$$

• Torr: Named after Torricelli, 1 Torr is very close to 1 mmHg. For most practical purposes, they are considered equivalent.

  $$1 \, Torr \approx 1 \, mmHg$$

Real-World Examples and Applications

• Blood Pressure: In medicine, blood pressure is commonly measured in mmHg. For example, a blood pressure reading of 120/80 mmHg indicates a systolic pressure of 120 mmHg and a diastolic pressure of 80 mmHg. The first number represents the pressure in the arteries when the heart beats (systolic pressure) and the second number represents the pressure in the arteries between beats (diastolic pressure).

• Atmospheric Pressure: Meteorologists often use mmHg to report atmospheric pressure. Standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is 760 mmHg. Changes in atmospheric pressure are often precursors to changes in weather.

• Vacuum Gauges: Many vacuum gauges, particularly older or specialized instruments, display pressure in mmHg. Low pressures in vacuum systems, such as those used in scientific experiments or manufacturing processes, are often expressed in mmHg or fractions thereof (e.g., milliTorr, which is approximately 1/1000 of a mmHg).

• Aircraft Altimeters: Aircraft altimeters use atmospheric pressure to determine altitude. While the actual scale on the altimeter might be in feet or meters, the underlying pressure measurement is often related to mmHg.

Important Considerations

While mmHg is widely used, it's essential to be aware of its limitations:

• Temperature Dependence: The density of mercury varies with temperature, so precise measurements require temperature corrections.
• Local Gravity: Although standardized, the local acceleration due to gravity can vary slightly depending on location, potentially affecting accuracy.