torr (torr) to technical atmospheres (at) conversion

What is torr?

Torr is a unit of pressure measurement commonly used in vacuum applications. Let's delve into its definition, origin, and relevance.

Definition of Torr

The torr is a unit of pressure defined as 1/760 of standard atmospheric pressure. In other words, 760 torr is approximately equal to one atmosphere (atm).

$$1 \text{ torr} \approx \frac{1}{760} \text{ atm}$$

It is also nearly equal to one millimeter of mercury (mmHg). More precisely:

$$1 \text{ torr} \approx 1 \text{ mmHg}$$

Origin and History

The torr is named after Italian physicist and mathematician Evangelista Torricelli (1608–1647), who invented the barometer in 1643. Torricelli's experiment demonstrated that air pressure could support a column of mercury, paving the way for pressure measurement.

Relation to Pascal (Pa)

The pascal (Pa) is the SI unit of pressure. The relationship between torr and pascal is as follows:

$$1 \text{ torr} \approx 133.322 \text{ Pa}$$

Therefore, to convert from torr to pascals, you can use the formula:

$$\text{Pressure in Pa} = \text{Pressure in torr} \times 133.322$$

Real-World Examples and Applications

Torr is commonly used in fields that involve vacuum systems, such as:

• Vacuum pumps: Vacuum pump performance is often rated in torr or millitorr (mTorr). For example, a roughing pump might achieve a vacuum of 10⁻³ torr.
• Scientific instruments: Mass spectrometers, electron microscopes, and other analytical instruments require high vacuum conditions, often specified in torr or microtorr (µTorr).
• Semiconductor manufacturing: Vacuum processes, such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and sputtering, use vacuum levels measured in torr to control deposition rates and film quality.
• Space research: Simulating space environments requires extremely low pressures, which are measured in torr or even smaller units like picotorr (pTorr).
• Vacuum Furnaces: Sintering, brazing, and heat treating of materials at reduced pressures, which improves the properties of the final product.

Interesting Facts

• While torr and mmHg are often used interchangeably, they are technically slightly different due to variations in the definition of standard gravity.
• The unit "micron" (µ) is sometimes used as a unit of pressure, where 1 micron = 1 mTorr.
• The lowest pressure ever achieved in a laboratory setting is on the order of $10⁻¹⁷$ torr.

What is the technical atmosphere?

The technical atmosphere (at) is a non-SI unit of pressure equal to one kilogram-force per square centimeter. It was widely used in engineering, especially in Europe, before the pascal became standard.

Definition

The technical atmosphere is defined as the pressure of one kilogram-force acting on one square centimeter:

$$1\ \text{at} = 98066.5\ \text{Pa}$$

This equals exactly 1 kgf/cm² (98,066.5 Pa), because standard gravity is 9.80665 m/s². It is close to, but distinct from, the standard atmosphere (atm = 101,325 Pa) and the bar (100,000 Pa).

Origin and History

The technical atmosphere arose from the gravitational metric system of units, which used the kilogram-force rather than the newton. Expressing pressure as kilogram-force per square centimeter was intuitive for engineers weighing loads, and the unit became common in mechanical and hydraulic engineering, boilers, and pneumatics through much of the 20th century.

Law and Notable Facts

The technical atmosphere is not part of the SI and its use is discouraged in favor of the pascal or bar. It is easily confused with the standard atmosphere; the two differ by about 3.3%. Gauge and absolute variants were often written "atü" (gauge) and "ata" (absolute) in German-language engineering.

Real-World Examples and Conversions

• 1 at = 1 kgf/cm² = 98.0665 kPa ≈ 0.9678 atm.
• 1 at ≈ 14.223 psi, close to but slightly below the 14.696 psi of one standard atmosphere.
• A pressure of 10 at (about 981 kPa) is a common rating benchmark for industrial hydraulic components.
• 1 at ≈ 0.980665 bar, so the bar and technical atmosphere differ by under 2%.